Summer Meeting of the Anatomical Society

The proceedings contain 71 papers. The topics discussed include: experience of learning human anatomy and histology during COVID-19 pandemic in Kharkiv National Medical University;using musculoskeletal modelling to investigate the functional significance of craniofacial form variation within the genus homo;a morphometric analysis of the cranial fossae in patients with scaphocephaly;exploring the thalamus in young adolescents with psychotic experiences;to replace or not replace that is the question: addressing fate decisions during minipig tooth replacement;anatomy of termination of popliteal artery: a multidetector CT angiographic study;anatomical variation between populations of British red squirrels: the potential impact of supplementary feeding;revealing the biomechanics of the masticatory muscles in the eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) using multibody dynamics analysis;and myoepithelial and immune cell dynamics in the ovine mammary gland during postnatal development.

Building Blood Vessel Chips with Enhanced Physiological Relevance

Blood vessel chips are bioengineered microdevices, consisting of biomaterials, human cells, and microstructures, which recapitulate essential vascular structure and physiology and allow a well-controlled microenvironment and spatial-temporal readouts. Blood vessel chips afford promising opportunities to understand molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying a range of vascular diseases. The physiological relevance is key to these blood vessel chips that rely on bioinspired strategies and bioengineering approaches to translate vascular physiology into artificial units. Here, several critical aspects of vascular physiology are discussed, including morphology, material composition, mechanical properties, flow dynamics, and mass transport, which provide essential guidelines and a valuable source of bioinspiration for the rational design of blood vessel chips. The state-of-art blood vessel chips are also reviewed that exhibit important physiological features of the vessel and reveal crucial insights into the biological processes and disease pathogenesis, including rare diseases, with notable implications for drug screening and clinical trials. It is envisioned that the advances in biomaterials, biofabrication, and stem cells improve the physiological relevance of blood vessel chips, which, along with the close collaborations between clinicians and bioengineers, enable their widespread utility. © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Biomechanical Rupture Risk Assessment in Management of Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic requires a redefinition of healthcare system to increase the number of available intensive care units for COVID-19 patients. This leads to the postponement of elective surgeries including the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The probabilistic rupture risk index (PRRI) recently showed its advantage over the diameter criterion in AAA rupture risk assessment. Its major improvement is in increased specificity and yet has the same sensitivity as the maximal diameter criterion. The objective of this study was to test the clinical applicability of the PRRI method in a quasi-prospective patient cohort study. Methods: Nineteen patients (fourteen males, five females) with intact AAA who were postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic were included in this study. The PRRI was calculated at the baseline via finite element method models. If a case was diagnosed as high risk (PRRI > 3%), the patient was offered priority in AAA intervention. Cases were followed until 10 September 2021 and a number of false positive and false negative cases were recorded. Results: Each case was assessed within 3 days. Priority in intervention was offered to two patients with high PRRI. There were four false positive cases and no false negative cases classified by PRRI. In three cases, the follow-up was very short to reach any conclusion. Conclusions: Integrating PRRI into clinical workflow is possible. Longitudinal validation of PRRI did not fail and may significantly decrease the false positive rate in AAA treatment.

Do contextual factors, tournament level, and location affect external match load in elite Brazilian youth soccer players?

Objective: The present study compares the external load of a Brazilian first-division U-20 team match between the tournament level (regional vs. national) and the match's location (home or away). Methods: Thirty-five athletes from a U-20 team belonging to the same Brazilian first-division team participated in the study (age=19.1 ±0.58 years;body mass=70.1 ±7.64 kg;height=176.1 ±6.28 cm). Twenty-eight games belonging to the national championship (14 Brasileirão matches) and regional championship (14 Carioca state matches) were analyzed, following these external load variables through a global positioning system: Total distance traveled (TD), player load (PL), distance traveled >20 km/h, distance traveled >25km/h, the number of accelerations and decelerations > 2 m/s2 (AD2) and >3 m/s2 (AD3) and the number of Repeat High-Intensity Efforts (RHIE). A two-factor ANOVA compared the tournament level and the match's location, and the effect size (ES) was verified, considering p≤0.05. Results: Significant differences were found in TD (F=3.42 and ES=0.7), PL (F=4.2 and ES=0.8), D20 (F=2.87 and ES=0.67), AD3 (F=6.49 and ES=0.97), RHIE (F=14.6 and ES=1.18) and in AD2 (F=10.1 and ES=1.24). No effects were found according to location or interaction effects (p>0.1). Conclusion: Findings indicated that the tournament type impacts the external match load - with higher effort values in the national tournament. The location did not affect the external load, but further studies are required to corroborate these results due to the lack of public presence because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The following data may be helpful for the coaching staff to consider this factor when planning and programming the training load concerning the tournament in which they are participating. © JPES.

Student Medical Summit - 2022

The proceedings contain 29 papers. The topics discussed include: targeting mutant p53 for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer: a pre-clinical study;senior sign-off in an Irish emergency department: is it feasible?;microfluidic-microwave platforms for real-time, non-invasive and sensitive monitoring of bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility testing;cancer diagnosis using imaging and artificial intelligence applications;enhancing the management of long covid in general practice: a scoping review;feasibility of using a hand-held device to characterize tendon tissue biomechanics;cross sectional study of wristband compliance in St Vincent's University Hospital;man vs machine: do mechanical chest compression devices improve survival outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - a systematic review;and investigating the necessity of pediatric emergency medicine in resource limited settings.

Work in Progress: Remote Laboratory Delivery with an At-Home Biomechanical Kinematic Data Acquisition Method

Under the remote learning mode due to COVID-19, educational laboratory modules lacking the active data acquisition step tend to lose students' engagement and diminish their eagerness to explore further knowledge. Such shortcomings are more profound in practical fields of study, such as Biomechanics. The goal of this paper is to present a remote laboratory delivery and evaluation method where students can apply principles of kinematic and kinetic biomechanical analysis on their own body motions with a computer vision algorithm to interactively solve a motion analysis problem. In this preliminary study, students were given the freedom to choose a specific body motion to be captured and analyzed, such as elbow, knee, wrist, and neck joint movements. Motion specifications included determination of the motion type, and also the starting and ending angular or linear positions. Readily available labels were utilized as passive joint markers. Students were then instructed to video record their joint motions using their laptop cameras. A custom video tracking algorithm specifically designed to track spatial locations was then employed to capture relative positions of the recorded motions. Laboratory instructions asked the students to perform kinematic calculations on the algorithm's generated positional data to determine joint velocities and accelerations, and then perform kinetic analyses to estimate the associated muscle forces. Laboratory requirements were concluded with a reflection prompt to evaluate the activity's workload and effort perceived by the students. These activities were delivered twice in two different academic terms. Samples of the produced kinematic data using our methods were verified in comparison with a standard physical motion capture system, where similar joint motion descriptive results were observed. Results show that the completion rate of laboratory requirements was 97% in the first term of delivery, and 100% in the second term, as supported by the full technical reports submissions that included critical data analysis and reflections of the laboratory experience. Student reflections were very positive and expressed how the lab activity was interesting as it kept a high level of engagement and provided a way to make connections between practice and theory. In conclusion, the proposed approach may improve the students' laboratory experience in learning biomechanics through a motion analysis scenario, and allow them to remotely be fully engaged, active, and passionate learners. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022.

Evaluations of 3D-Printed Surgical Mask Tension Release Bands for Common COVID-19 Use with Biomechanics, Sensor Array System, and Finite Element Analysis.

A mask is one of the most basic protections to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. Surgical mask tension release bands (SMTRBs) are commonly used to ease the pain caused by prolonged mask use. However, the structural strength of SMTRBs and the effect that wearing masks with SMTRBs has on the face are unclear. Thus, this study assessed the mechanics of seven different types of 3D-printed SMTRBs. In this study, a tensile testing machine, a sensor array system, and finite element analysis were used to evaluate the mechanisms of seven SMTRBs. The tensile testing machine was applied to measure the breaking strength, elongation, stiffness, and rupture of the band. The sensor array system was used to calculate the pressure on the face when the band was used together with the mask. Finite element analysis was applied to evaluate the level of stress on the SMTRB structure when each of the seven bands was subjected to external force. The results demonstrated that thick SMTRBs put more pressure on the face but had greater structural strength. The thinner bands did not break easily; however, the mask ear loops tended to slip off more often. In addition, the size of the band hook affected the magnitude of the external force. This study provides a biomechanical reference for the future design of SMTRBs.

ARMIA: A Sensorized Arm Wearable for Motor Rehabilitation.

In this paper, we present ARMIA: a sensorized arm wearable that includes a combination of inertial and sEMG sensors to interact with serious games in telerehabilitation setups. This device reduces the cost of robotic assistance technologies to be affordable for end-users at home and at rehabilitation centers. Hardware and acquisition software specifications are described together with potential applications of ARMIA in real-life rehabilitation scenarios. A detailed comparison with similar medical technologies is provided, with a specific focus on wearable devices and virtual and augmented reality approaches. The potential advantages of the proposed device are also described showing that ARMIA could provide similar, if not better, the effectivity of physical therapy as well as giving the possibility of home-based rehabilitation.

Reliability of 3D Depth Motion Sensors for Capturing Upper Body Motions and Assessing the Quality of Wheelchair Transfers.

Wheelchair users must use proper technique when performing sitting-pivot-transfers (SPTs) to prevent upper extremity pain and discomfort. Current methods to analyze the quality of SPTs include the TransKinect, a combination of machine learning (ML) models, and the Transfer Assessment Instrument (TAI), to automatically score the quality of a transfer using Microsoft Kinect V2. With the discontinuation of the V2, there is a necessity to determine the compatibility of other commercial sensors. The Intel RealSense D435 and the Microsoft Kinect Azure were compared against the V2 for inter- and intra-sensor reliability. A secondary analysis with the Azure was also performed to analyze its performance with the existing ML models used to predict transfer quality. The intra- and inter-sensor reliability was higher for the Azure and V2 (n = 7; ICC = 0.63 to 0.92) than the RealSense and V2 (n = 30; ICC = 0.13 to 0.7) for four key features. Additionally, the V2 and the Azure both showed high agreement with each other on the ML outcomes but not against a ground truth. Therefore, the ML models may need to be retrained ideally with the Azure, as it was found to be a more reliable and robust sensor for tracking wheelchair transfers in comparison to the V2.

Development of novel customized pressure distribution surface for reduction of pressure ulcers using additive manufacturing technology

Purpose>This research aims to focus on developing a customized support surface using additive manufacturing (AM) for effective pressure relief for patients who are in bed or wheelchair suffering from pressure ulcers (PU).Design/methodology/approach>A novel customized support surface is developed using AM technology incorporated with magnetic levitation and ball and socket mechanisms. Magnetic levitation provides cushioning effect for the developed cushion to users who are sitting in a wheelchair and increases the rate of healing. The ball and socket mechanism provides the user body's self-adaptive mechanism and reduces shear and friction forces between the surfaces of the additive manufactured cushion and the human buttocks.Findings>From the results of ISO 16480-6 biomechanical standardized tests, the additive manufactured support surface performed better than, or on par with, the most widely available commercial cushions. It is evident that the developed cushion’s peak pressure values are lower when compared with other cushions. The overall efficiency of the developed cushion was qualitatively reported;67% of people felt it was excellent and 22% of people responded as good and 11% were satisfactory. Henceforth, the overall effectiveness of the developed support surface provides a better experience to the end-user in the view of PU reduction.Originality/value>A developed additive manufactured customized support surface will be an alternative approach for the reduction of PU, and it overcomes the drawbacks faced by the currently available cushions.

Biomechanical Dependence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections.

Older people have been disproportionately vulnerable to the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with an increased risk of severe complications and death compared to other age groups. A mix of underlying factors has been speculated to give rise to this differential infection outcome including changes in lung physiology, weakened immunity, and severe immune response. Our study focuses on the impact of biomechanical changes in lungs that occur as individuals age, that is, the stiffening of the lung parenchyma and increased matrix fiber density. We used hydrogels with an elastic modulus of 0.2 and 50 kPa and conventional tissue culture surfaces to investigate how infection rate changes with parenchymal tissue stiffness in lung epithelial cells challenged with SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein pseudotyped lentiviruses. Further, we employed electrospun fiber matrices to isolate the effect of matrix density. Given the recent data highlighting the importance of alternative virulent strains, we included both the native strain identified in early 2020 and an early S protein variant (D614G) that was shown to increase the viral infectivity markedly. Our results show that cells on softer and sparser scaffolds, closer resembling younger lungs, exhibit higher infection rates by the WT and D614G variant. This suggests that natural changes in lung biomechanics do not increase the propensity for SARS-CoV-2 infection and that other factors, such as a weaker immune system, may contribute to increased disease burden in the elderly.

The Influence of Different Rope Jumping Methods on Adolescents' Lower Limb Biomechanics during the Ground-Contact Phase.

As a simple and beneficial way of exercise, rope skipping is favored by the majority of teenagers, but incorrect rope skipping may lead to the risk of injury. In this study, 16 male adolescent subjects were tested for bounced jump skipping and alternating jump rope skipping. The kinematic data of the hip, knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joint of lower extremities and the kinetics data of lower extremity touching the ground during rope skipping were collected, respectively. Moreover, the electromyography (EMG) data of multiple muscles of the lower extremity were collected by Delsys wireless surface EMG tester. Results revealed that bounced jump (BJ) depicted a significantly smaller vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) than alternate jump (AJ) during the 11-82% of the ground-contact stage (p < 0.001), and the peak ground reaction force and average loading rate were significantly smaller than AJ. From the kinematic perspective, in the sagittal plane, when using BJ, the flexion angle of the hip joint was comparably larger at 12-76% of the ground-contact stage (p < 0.01) and the flexion angle of the knee joint was significantly larger at 13-72% of the ground-contact stage (p < 0.001). When using two rope skipping methods, the minimum dorsal extension angle of the metatarsophalangeal joint was more than 25°, and the maximum was even higher than 50°. In the frontal plane, when using AJ, the valgus angle of the knee joint was significantly larger during the whole ground-contact stage (p < 0.001), and the adduction angle of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) was significantly larger at 0-97% of the ground-contact stage (p = 0.001). EMG data showed that the standardized value of root mean square amplitude of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius lateral head of BJ was significantly higher than AJ. At the same time, that of semitendinosus and iliopsoas muscle was significantly lower. According to the above results, compared with AJ, teenagers receive less GRF and have a better landing buffer strategy to reduce load, and have less risk of injury during BJ. In addition, in BJ rope skipping, the lower limbs are more inclined to the calf muscle group force, while AJ is more inclined to the thigh muscle group force. We also found that in using two ways of rope skipping, the extreme metatarsophalangeal joint back extension angle could be a potential risk of injury for rope skipping.

Healthcare applications of single camera markerless motion capture: a scoping review

Background Single camera markerless motion capture has the potential to facilitate at home movement assessment due to the ease of setup, portability, and affordable cost of the technology. However, it is not clear what the current healthcare applications of single camera markerless motion capture are and what information is being collected that may be used to inform clinical decision making. This review aims to map the available literature to highlight potential use cases and identify the limitations of the technology for clinicians and researchers interested in the collection of movement data. Survey Methodology Studies were collected up to 14 January 2022 using Pubmed, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus using a systematic search. Data recorded included the description of the markerless system, clinical outcome measures, and biomechanical data mapped to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework (ICF). Studies were grouped by patient population. Results A total of 50 studies were included for data collection. Use cases for single camera markerless motion capture technology were identified for Neurological Injury in Children and Adults;Hereditary/Genetic Neuromuscular Disorders;Frailty;and Orthopaedic or Musculoskeletal groups. Single camera markerless systems were found to perform well in studies involving single plane measurements, such as in the analysis of infant general movements or spatiotemporal parameters of gait, when evaluated against 3D marker-based systems and a variety of clinical outcome measures. However, they were less capable than marker-based systems in studies requiring the tracking of detailed 3D kinematics or fine movements such as finger tracking. Conclusions Single camera markerless motion capture offers great potential for extending the scope of movement analysis outside of laboratory settings in a practical way, but currently suffers from a lack of accuracy where detailed 3D kinematics are required for clinical decision making. Future work should therefore focus on improving tracking accuracy of movements that are out of plane relative to the camera orientation or affected by occlusion, such as supination and pronation of the forearm.

‘Down to the person, the individual patient themselves’: A qualitative study of treatment decision‐making for shoulder pain

IntroductionMany inconsistencies have been identified in the translation of evidence‐based treatment recommendations for musculoskeletal shoulder pain into healthcare services, with little known about factors influencing decision‐making. The objective of this study was to explore the views and experiences of healthcare providers (HCPs) and people living with shoulder pain on treatment decision‐making.MethodsAdopting a qualitative design, purposeful sampling was employed to recruit 13 individuals with nonspecific musculoskeletal shoulder pain and 30 HCPs. Data were collected through 1:1 semi‐structured interviews and analysed using an approach informed by Constructivist Grounded Theory. To facilitate analysis, two patient and public involvement (PPI) meetings were conducted.ResultsMost participants (69%) had shoulder pain of ≥1‐year duration. Biomechanical beliefs about shoulder pain predominated and were heavily influential in decision‐making for both patients and HCPs. Despite a consensus that therapeutic alliance facilitated decision‐making, the extent of collaboration between HCPs and patients in treatment decision‐making was rather limited. In addition to condition‐specific factors, Individual patient characteristics and resources also influenced treatment decisions.ConclusionFindings revealed the complexity of the decision‐making process for both patients and HCPs, exposing substantial gaps between the reported views and experiences of participants and the principles of client‐centred and evidence‐based practice. There is a pressing need to enhance the translation of evidence‐based knowledge into practice in this clinical area.Patient or Public ContributionIn line with a consultative approach to collaborative data analysis, a subgroup of participants attended two PPI meetings to provide commentary and feedback on preliminary findings.

COVID-19: INTRAPULMONARY INJECTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION ELIMINATES HYPOXIA AND NORMALIZES RESPIRATORY BIOMECHANICS

Severe SARS is complicated by respiratory obstruction, which is caused by swelling of the mucous membranes of the airways and obstruction of mucus, pus, and thick sputum streaked with blood. A particularly significant decrease in airiness occurs in the peripheral regions of the lungs. This is why the air introduced through the upper respiratory tract does not reach the alveoli, primarily in the peripheral regions of the lungs. Under these conditions, traditional ventilation of the lungs provides a back-andforth movement of air only in the trachea, large and small bronchi, since only these parts of the respiratory tract remain not clogged with mucus and pus. But these parts of the respiratory tract do not provide effective oxygenation of the patient's blood. Therefore, conventional mechanical ventilation (ALV) cannot normalize the biomechanics of breathing until the respiratory obstruction is eliminated. Therefore, with the inhibition of the biomechanics of respiration caused by respiratory obstruction, it is now customary to oxygenate the blood by the extrapulmonary route - using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). However, ECMO is a very dangerous and poorly accessible method of treatment. Therefore, to save the life of patients with severe hypoxia, it is proposed to urgently restore pulmonary oxygenation of the blood by oxygenating the lungs by injecting a solution of a pus solvent into the peripheral regions of the lungs. At the same time, intrapulmonary injection of an alkaline peroxide solvent of pus ensures the immediate appearance of oxygen gas in the peripheral parts of the respiratory tract, since pus and blood veins contain the enzyme catalase, which immediately decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water gas. In this case, mucus, pus and sputum streaked with blood immediately turn into oxygen foam, which is easily removed through the upper respiratory tract to the outside. © 2021. Urakov A.L., Urakova N.A. All Rights Reserved.

Contact Pressure Reduction in the Anterior Ankle During Placement of Short Leg Splints

Category: Trauma;Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Lower extremity splints are commonly used in orthopaedic care throughout emergency departments, operating rooms, and outpatient clinics. Although the mainstay of ankle immobilization, they have been associated with ulcers due to high contact pressures over bony prominences and the anterior ankle. High contact pressures may occur in the anterior ankle when splint padding is applied while the ankle is in a plantarflexed position and subsequently dorsiflexed as the plaster or fiberglass hardens. The purpose of this study is to measure contact pressures in the anterior ankle when cast padding is applied in a plantarflexed position and subsequently dorsiflexed. We hypothesized, that the removal of padding over the anterior ankle following dorsiflexion would result in reduced anterior ankle contact pressures. Methods: Short leg posterior U-splints were applied to the right lower extremity in two healthy volunteers with an underlying pressure transducer [Tekscan I-Scan system (Tekscan Inc, South Boston, MA, USA)] on the skin surface centered over the tibialis anterior tendon. Anterior ankle surface pressures were measured when the padding was applied in maximum plantar flexion and dorsiflexed to neutral position as measured by a goniometer. This was then repeated in the same subjects but prior to dorsiflexion, a 3cm x 3cm square of padding was removed over the pressure transducer prior to dorsiflexion. Percent change from initial contact pressure centered on the tibialis anterior with either Webril (Covidien/Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland), or Specialist Cotton Blend Cast Padding (BSN Medical, Charlotte, NC, USA) was calculated. Results: There were 2 limbs analyzed for presentation of this pilot data. The percent change in anterior ankle contact pressure when padding was applied in plantar flexion and then placed in neutral was an average increase of 264% with just padding and 238% with padding and plaster. [TP1] Subsequently, the removal of padding from the anterior ankle resulted in an average decrease of 126% of[TP2] the increased pressure relative to baseline measurements (Figure 1). The reduction in contact force with the removal of Webril was greater than Specialist. Conclusion: In this pilot data, we report increases in anterior ankle contact pressures when splint padding is applied in plantar flexion and re-positioned into neutral. However, removal of anterior ankle padding reduces pressure over the anterior ankle and may reduce the risk of iatrogenic splint related ulcers in this area. Additionally, this technique may elicit varying reductions in anterior ankle pressure depending on the type of cast padding utilized. This data, though preliminary, underscores the importance of avoiding excess padding over the anterior ankle during splint application.

COMPARISON OF MOVEMENT PATTERN TRAINING AND JOINT MOBILIZATION FOR CHRONIC PREARTHRITIC HIP DISORDERS: A PILOT RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Purpose: A clear need exists to rigorously assess treatment strategies for chronic prearthritic hip disorders (PAHD). We assessed the preliminary effects of two physical therapist-led interventions that target two distinct mechanisms, abnormal movement patterns and sensory disturbances. Abnormal movement patterns, such as excessive hip adduction, may create altered mechanical stresses on hip joint structures, resulting in subsequent injury, pain and activity limitations. Movement pattern training (MoveTrain) may improve movement patterns and patient-reported outcomes, however further investigation is needed to be definitive. Sensory disturbances such as peripheral sensitization and central sensitization (aka nociplastic pain) may also contribute to pain persistence long after an initial injury. Joint mobilization (JtMob) is proposed to impart a neurophysiological response within the peripheral and central nervous system that results in pain reduction and improved mobility, yet the investigation of JtMob for the treatment of PAHD is limited. Methods: Patients, 18-40 years, with chronic PAHD were recruited. Baseline assessment included self-report questionnaire completion, clinical examination and quantitative sensory testing. The primary outcome was the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS), a hip-specific, patient-reported outcome measure. Secondary outcomes included movement evoked pain assessed with a repetitive step down task and a repetitive deep squat task, and pain pressure threshold assessed at the anterior groin of the most bothersome hip (local pressure hypersensitivity) and the dominant thenar eminence (generalized pressure hypersensitivity). After baseline assessment, patients were randomized into 1 of 2 treatment groups, MoveTrain or JtMob. Randomization was stratified by sex and HOOS Symptoms quartile, as determined from data collected during previous study. Treatment was provided by 4 experienced physical therapists (2 in each treatment arm) who were trained in standardized procedures. Treatment for both groups included 10 supervised sessions over 12 weeks and incorporated assessment of patient goals, patient education and instruction in a home program. Patient education focused on patient-specific tasks, such as work or fitness activities, identified by each patient to be symptom-producing. The goal of MoveTrain was to reduce stresses on the hip joint by optimizing the biomechanics of daily and patient-specific tasks. The key element of MoveTrain was task-specific instruction to correct abnormal movement patterns demonstrated during daily tasks and patient-specific tasks. For example, hip adduction and femoral internal rotation were minimized during step-down tasks. The home program included repeated practice of the modified tasks. Difficulty of the tasks were progressed based on each patient’s performance. The goal of JtMob was to reduce pain and improve pain-free motion of the hip. The key element of JtMob was manual techniques provided by the physical therapist. Specific criteria were used to determine the joint mobilization techniques and parameters used for each patient. The patient’s symptom report to each technique was monitored and if indicated, the technique modified according to our outlined procedures. The home program included flexibility exercises. Immediately after treatment completion, patients returned for follow up assessment. Data collected at baseline and post-treatment were analyzed with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using a generalized linear model where change is the dependent variable and baseline is the covariate. The adjusted immediate treatment effect was calculated by subtracting the least squares mean change between baseline and post for MoveTrain minus JtMob from the ANCOVA, and assesses the between-group difference in change after adjusting for baseline. Results: Thirty-three patients with PAHD were randomized. Demographics are provided in Table 1. Four patients did not complete treatment or post-treatment testing (3 due to COVID pandemic, 1 lost t follow up);7 patients did not complete post-treatment laboratory testing (due to COVID), but did complete post-treatment questionnaires. Both groups demonstrated clinically important within-group improvements in the HOOS subscales and movement evoked pain ratings after treatment (Table 2). No changes were noted in pain pressure threshold for either group. After adjusting for baseline, there were no between-group differences in change in outcomes when comparing MoveTrain and JtMob. Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest that 12 weeks of physical therapist-led intervention, including either MoveTrain or JtMob, may result in improvements in patient-reported pain and activities limitations. Further investigation is needed to determine the sustained effects of each treatment and to determine if specific patient factors are associated with treatment prognosis. [Formula presented] [Formula presented]

Comparison of Anthropometric and Physiological Profiles of Hungarian Female Rowers across Age Categories, Rankings, and Stages of Sports Career

There is very little research on the anthropometric and physiological profiles of lower-ranked young female athletes, even though, in most rowing clubs, such rowers constitute the vast majority. Therefore, this study investigated the anthropometric and physiological profiles of young Hungarian female rowers of different age categories and sports rankings (international vs. club). Anthropometric and physiological profiles were created for 36 junior (15–16 years), 26 older-junior (17–18 years), and 8 senior (19–21 years) female rowers who were club and international ranked members of seven of the largest Hungarian rowing clubs. Rowers >17-years-old with international rankings significantly outperformed their age-group peers with club rankings in terms of power, absolute VO2 max, and time to cover 2000 m, among other differences, but such differences were not observed with junior rowers. In all age groups, the length of the athletes’ sports career was not significantly associated with differences in anthropometric and physiological characteristics. This study suggests that ranking is not associated with differences in the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of juniors. Thus, with non-elite juniors, it can be more difficult to predict competition outcomes based on differences in anthropometric and physiological profiles.